update to 05.Ethernet Lan Switching
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02. Interfaces and Cables - CCNA.md
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02. Interfaces and Cables - CCNA.md
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id: 1771825730-VZFA
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aliases:
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- 02. Interfaces and Cables - CCNA
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tags:
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- CCNA
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---
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# Interfaces and Cables
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Front of a switch example phrase above the interfaces
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10/100/1000 Base-T Ports ( 1 -24) - Ports are Auto MDIX
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## [[RJ-45]]
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Registerred Jack
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## Etrhernet
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Etrhernet is a collection of network protocols/standards.
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## Network Protocols
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Why do we need network protocols
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For Industry standard that everybody follows
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## [[Bits]] and [[Bytes]]
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it a value represented by 0 and 1
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a bytes is a series of 8 bits
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Speed is measured in bits per second (kbps, Mbps, Gbps, etc) not bytes per seconds.
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However for [[Hard drives]] we count the bytes
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1 kilobit (kb) - 1,000 bits
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1 megabit (Mb) - 1,000,000 bits
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1 gigabit (Gb) - 1,000,000,000 bits
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1 terabit (Tb) - 1,000,000 bits
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## Etrhernet standards
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- Defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard in 1983
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- IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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### Copper Ethernet standard
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| Speed | Common name | IEEE | Informal Name | Maximum Length |
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| ------- | ------------------- | --------- | ------------- | -------------- |
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| 10 Mbps | Ethernet | 802.3i | 10BASE-T | 100m |
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| 100 Mbps| Fast Ethernet | 802.3u | 100BASE-T | 100m |
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| 1 Gbps | Gigabit Ethernet | 802.3ab | 1000BASE-T | 100m |
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| 10 Gbps | 10 Gig Ethernet | 802.3an | 10GBASE-T | 100m |
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#### BASE T
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Base = refers to baseband signaling
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T = twitsted pair
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### UTP Cables
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Unshielded Twisted Pair
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Twisted mean that there sensitive against [[EMI]] Electronic Magnetic Interference
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they got 8 pins
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10Base-T and 100Base-T = 2 pairs (4 wires)
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1000Base-T and 10GBase-T = 4pairs (8 wires)
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#### UTP Cables (10Base-T, 100 Base-T)
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Full-Duplex transmission
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Both devices can send and received data at the same. no colission while occur
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##### Straight-through cable
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Transmit 1 - 1 Receive
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(TX) 2 - 2 (RX)
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Recieve 3 - 3 Transmit
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4 4
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5 5
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(RX) 6 - 6 (TX)
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7 7
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8 8
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##### Crossover cable
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Transmit 1 - 3 Transmit
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(TX) 2 - 6 (TX)
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Recieve 3 - 1 Receive
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4 4
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5 5
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(RX) 6 - 2 (RX)
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7 7
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8 8
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##### Chart
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| Device Type | Transmit (TX) Pins | Recieve (RX) Pins |
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| ----------- | ------------------ | ----------------- |
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| [[Router]] | 1 and 2 | 3 and 6 |
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|[[Firewall]] | 1 and 2 | 3 and 6 |
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| [[PC]] | 1 and 2 | 3 and 6 |
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| [[Switch]] | 3 and 6 | 1 and 2 |
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##### Auto MDI-X
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allows devices to automatically detect and adjust the the pins for transmiting data prevent colissions
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#### UTP Cables (10Base-T, 100 Base-T)
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##### Straight-through cable
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Each pair is bidirectional
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the pair are
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1 and 2
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3 and 6
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4 and 5
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7 and 8
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## Fiber-Optic Connection
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[[SFP]] Transceiver Small-Factor Pluggable for Fiber Optics cable
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Send light over glass fiber
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TX - RX
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RX - TX
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there are 4 layers for this cable
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1 : the fiberglass core itself
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2 : cladding that reflects light
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3 : a protective buffer
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4 : the outer jacket of the cable
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single-mode and multimode fiber
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### Multimode fiber
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- Core diameter is wider than single mode fiber.
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- Allow mutiple angles (modes) of light waves to enter the fiberglass core
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- Allows longer cables tha [[UTP]] but shorter cables than single-mode fiber.
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- cheaper than single-mode fiber (due to cheaper LED-based SFP transmitters)
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### Single-Mode Fiber
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- Core diameter is narrower than multimode fiber
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- Light enters at a single angle (mode) from alaser-based transmitter
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- Allows longer cables than both UTP and multimode fiber
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- More expensive than multimode fiber (due to more expnesive laser based transmitters)
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### Fiber-Optic cables standards
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| Speed | Cable Type | IEEE | Informal Name | Maximum Length |
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| ------- | ------------------- | --------- | ------------- | ---------------- |
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| 1 Gbps | multi or single-mode| 802.3z | 1000BASE-LX | 550m(MM) 5km (SM)|
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| 10 Gbps | Multi-mode | 802.3ae | 10GBASE-SR | 400m |
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| 10 Gbps | Single-Mode | 802.3ae | 10GBASE-LR | 10km |
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| 10 Gbps | Single-Mode | 802.3ae | 10GBASE-ER | 30km |
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## UTP vs Fiber-Optic Cabling
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- UTP
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- Lower cost than fiber optic.
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- Shorter Maximum distance than fiber0-optic (100m).
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- Can be vulnerable to EMI
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- RJ45 ports used with UTP are cheaper than SFP ports.
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- Emit (leak) a faint signal outside of the cable, which can be copied (= security risk)
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- Fiber-Optic
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- Higher cost than UTP.
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- Longer maximum distance than UTP.
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- No vulnerability to EMI.
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- SFP ports are more expnsive than RJ45 ports (singl-mode is more expensive than multimode).
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- Does not emit any signal outside of the cable (=no security risk)
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