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00. Jeremy's IT LAB CCNA course.md
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[[Ethernet LAN Switching (part 1)]]
[[Ethernet LAN Switching (part 2)]]
[[IPv4 Addressing (Part 1)]]
[[IPv4 Addressing (Part 2)]]

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08. IPv4 Addressing (Part 2).md Normal file
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---
id: 08. IPv4 Addressing (Part 2)
aliases: []
tags: []
---
# IPv4 Addressing (Part 2)
## [[IPV4]] address classes
| Class |First octet | numeric range| Prefix Length |
| ----- | ---------- | --------------| /8 |
| A |0xxxxxxxx | 0-127 | /16 |
| B |10xxxxxxx | 128-191 | /24 |
| C |110xxxxxx | 192-223 | |
| D |1110xxxxx | 224-239 | |
| E |1111xxxxx | 240-255 | |
## Maximum Hosts per Network
Host portion all 0s = Network address (network ID)
Host portion all 1s = broadcast address
192.168.1.0/24 -> 192.168.1.255/24
Host portion = 8 bits = 2^8 = 256
Maximum hosts per network = 2^8-2 = 254
172.16.0.0/16 -> 172.16.255.255/16
Host portion = 16 bits = 2^16 = 65,536
Maximum hosts per network = 2^16 -2 = 254
10.0.0.0/8 -> 10.255.255.255/8
Host portion = 24 bits = 2^24 = 16,777,216
Maximum hosts per network = 2^24 -2 = 16,777,214
### Formula
```
maximum host per network = 2^n-2
(n=number of hist bits)
```
## First/last usable address
192.168.1.*0*/24 ---------> 192.168.1.*255*/24
00000000 11111111
00000001 11111110
192.168.1.*1*/24 192.168.1.*254*/24
= first usable address = last usable address
## Cisco router command
### For all the interface info
```Cisco
R1#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-address OK? Method Status Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0 Unassigned YES unset adminstratively down down
```
- adminstratively down: Interface has been disabled with the shutdown command
- This is the default Status of Cisco [[router]] interfaces.
- Cisco switch interfaces are NOT administratively down by default
- Status = Layer 1 status (is there a cable)
- Protocol = Layer 2 status (is ethernet function conrectly)
### enter the configuration mode for the interface
```Cisco
// shortcut for configuration terminal
R1#conf t
// for configuration of the interface
R1#interface gigabitethernet 0/0
//shortcut
R1#in g0/0
```
### setting the ip adress
```Cisco
R1#ip address 10.255.255.254 255.0.0.0
//enable the interface
R1#no shutdown
// view the change
R1#do show ip interface brief
// shortcut version
R1#do sh ip int br
```
### show interfaces
to see all the details of the interface
```Cisco
R1#show interfaces g0/0
```
### descriptions of an interface
```Cisco
// see all the description
R1#show interfaces description
// for assigning a description
// swithc to configuration interface
R1#int g0/0
R1# description ## to SW1 ##
```
## Review
- IPV4 address classes (review clarification)
- Finding the maximum number of hosts, network address, broadcast address, first usable address,
last usable address of a particular network
- Configuring IP addresses on Cisco device

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09. Switch Interfaces.md Normal file
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---
id: 1777334914-ICRP
aliases:
- Switch Interfaces
tags: []
---
# Switch Interfaces
## Show interface
To see all the [[Switch]] interfaces in the CLI use
```cisco
SW1>en
SW1#show ip interface bief
```
[[Router]] interfaces have the shutdown command applied by default
- will be in the administratively down/down state by default
Switch interfaces do Not have the shutdown command applied by default
- will be in the up/up stateif connected to another device
- Or in the down/down state if not connected to another device
also you can use another command for switches
```cisco
SW1#show interface status
Port Name Status Vlan Duplex Speed Type
```
Port
- The physical interface on the switch
Name
- Optional description configured by the admin
Status
- connected notconnect ,disabled or err-disabled
Vlan
- The VLAN the port belongs to
Duplex
How data flows:full, half , auto (ex: a-full)
🚀 Speed
Port speed in Mbps or Gbps (ex: a-100)
🧬 Type
Physical interface type (ex: 10/100BaseTX)
## Configuring interface speed and duplex
For the speed
```cisco
SW1#conf t
SW1(config)#interface f0/1
SW1(config)#speed ?
SW1(config)#speed 100
```
For the duplex
```cisco
SW1(config)#duplex ?
SW1(config)#duplex full
```
For the description (Name)
```cisco
SW1(config)#description ## to R1 ##
```
## Configure a range of interface
You can configure a range of interface with the command
```cisco
SW1(config)#interface range f0/5 - 12
SW1(config-if-range)#description ## not in use ##
//disable all the interface at once
SW1(config-if-range)#shutdown
```
you can do this to multiple range
```cisco
SW1(config)#interface range f0/5 - 6, f0/9 - 12
```
## Full / Half Duplex
**Half duplex** : The device cannot send and receive data at the same time.
if it is receiving a frame, it must wait before sendig a frame.
- Devices attached to a hub must operate in half duplex
**Full duplex** : The device can send and receive data at the same time
it does not have to wait.
- Devices attached to a switch can operate in full duplex
### CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
- Before sendig frames, devices 'listen' to the collision domain until they detect that
other devices are not sending
- if a collision does occur, the device sends a jamming signal to inform the other
devices that a collision happened
- Each device will wait a random period of time before sending frames again.
- The process repeats.
## Speed/Duplex Autonegotiation
- Interfaces that can run at different speeds (10/100 or 10/100/1000) have default settings
of speed uto and duplex auto
- Interfaces 'advertise' their capabilities to the neighboring device, and they negociate
the best spedd and duplex settings they are both capable of.
- What of autonegotiation is disabled on the device connected to the switch?
- **Speed**: the switch will try to sense the speed that the other device is operating at.
if it fails to sense the speed, it will use the slowest supported spedd
(ie. 10 Mbps on a 10/100/1000 interface)
- **Duplex**: if the speed is 10 or 100 Mbps, the switch will use half duplex.
if the speed is 1000 Mbps or greater, use full duplex
## Interface Errors
you can see errors with the command
```cisco
SW1#show interfaces f0/2
```
### Traffic Stats
```cisco
5 minute input rate 1000 bits/sec, 10 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 2000 bits/sec, 20 packets/sec
1000 packets input, 800000 bytes
1200 packets output, 900000 byte
```
input rate → traffic coming into the switch port
output rate → traffic leaving the port
packets / bytes → total traffic count
### The Error Counters
```cisco
10 input errors, 2 CRC, 3 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored , 0 runts, 0 giants
5 output errors, 2 collisions, 1 late collision
```
#### Input Errors (incoming traffic issues)
- Total count of all incoming errors
- CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) in the Ethernet [[FCS trailer]]
- frame errors
- overrun
- Runts: Frames that are smaller than the minimum frame size (64 bytes)
- Giants: Frames that are larger than the maxium frame size (1518 bytes)
- ignored
#### Output Errors (outgoing traffic issues)
- Total outgoing packet errors
- collisions / Occur in half-duplex mode only
late collisions / Collisions detected after first 64 bytes
If you remember only one thing for the CCNA, remember this:
👉 **Duplex mismatch = CRC errors + late collisions**
It’s one of the most common exam and real-world issues.
**The errors can be the same with a router**
## Review
- Interface speed and duplex
- speed and duplex autonegotiation
- Interface status
- Interface counters & error